PREVALENCE AND RESISTANCE OF SALMONELLA TYPHII IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTERS, A CASE STUDY IN TIRWUN AND GIDA DUBU PHC
- Project Research
- 1-5 Chapters
- Abstract : Available
- Table of Content: Available
- Reference Style: Available
- Recommended for : Student Researchers
- NGN 5000
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, remains a significant public health concern globally, particularly in regions with inadequate sanitation and hygiene infrastructure. The prevalence and resistance patterns of S. typhi in primary health care (PHC) settings are crucial for understanding the epidemiology of the disease and guiding effective treatment strategies. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. typhi in two primary health care centers, Tirwun and Gida Dubu PHC.
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection characterized by prolonged fever, abdominal discomfort, and potentially life-threatening complications. The disease primarily spreads through contaminated food and water, making it particularly prevalent in areas with poor sanitation. In Nigeria, where Tirwun and Gida Dubu PHCs are located, typhoid fever remains endemic despite efforts to improve sanitation and access to clean water (Mogasale et al., 2014).
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in S. typhi further complicates treatment strategies. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, limiting therapeutic options and increasing the risk of treatment failure and complications (Rahman et al., 2019). Understanding the local prevalence and resistance patterns of S. typhi is crucial for guiding empirical treatment decisions and implementing effective antimicrobial stewardship programs (Klemm et al., 2018; Britto et al., 2018).
Previous studies have documented varying prevalence rates of S. typhi in different regions of Nigeria, highlighting the need for localized surveillance to inform public health interventions. Additionally, data on antimicrobial resistance patterns are essential for monitoring trends over time and guiding the selection of appropriate antibiotics for empirical therapy (Parry et al., 2011).
By conducting a comprehensive investigation into the prevalence and resistance of S. typhi in Tirwun and Gida Dubu PHCs, this study aims to contribute valuable insights into the epidemiology of typhoid fever in the region. The findings will inform local health authorities and healthcare providers about the burden of the disease and the most effective treatment strategies, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and public health efforts to control typhoid fever.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Salmonella Typhi remains a significant public health concern globally, particularly in low and middle-income countries where access to clean water and sanitation facilities is limited. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) further complicates the management and treatment of typhoid fever. Despite efforts to control the spread of Salmonella Typhi, there is limited research focusing on its prevalence and resistance patterns specifically in primary healthcare centers (PHCs) within localized settings.
In the context of Tirwun and Gida Dubu PHCs, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the prevalence and resistance patterns of Salmonella Typhi. Although sporadic cases of typhoid fever may be reported, there is a need for systematic investigation to assess the extent of Salmonella Typhi infections in these PHCs and the resistance profiles of the isolates.
1.3 Objective of the study
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Examine the prevalence of salmonella typhii in Tirwun and Gida dubu PHC
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Examine the causes of salmonella typhii in Tirwun and Gida dubu PHC
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Find out the resistance of salmonella typhii in Tirwun and Gida dubu PHC
1.4 Research Questions
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What is the prevalence of salmonella typhii in Tirwun and Gida dubu PHC?
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What are the causes of salmonella typhii in Tirwun and Gida dubu PHC?
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What is the resistance of salmonella typhii in Tirwun and Gida dubu PHC?
1.5 Research hypotheses
Null Hypothesis (H0): The prevalence of salmonella typhii in Tirwun and Gida dubu PHC is low.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The prevalence of salmonella typhii in Tirwun and Gida dubu PHC is high.
1.6 Significance of the study
This study will provide valuable data on the prevalence and resistance patterns of Salmonella Typhi in primary health care centers, which can inform public health policies and interventions.
Findings from this study can contribute to the development of evidence-based strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Salmonella Typhi infections in similar settings.
Understanding the factors associated with Salmonella Typhi infection and antimicrobial resistance can help prioritize resources and efforts for effective disease control and management.
1.7 Scope of the study
This study focuses to examine the prevalence of salmonella typhii in Tirwun and Gida dubu PHC, examine the causes of salmonella typhii in Tirwun and Gida dubu PHC, and find out the resistance of salmonella typhii in Tirwun and Gida dubu PHC. Hence health care practitioners in Tirwun and Gida dubu PHC shall serve as enrolled participants for this study.
1.8 Limitation of the study
Like in every human endeavour, the researchers encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study. The significant constraint are:
Time: The researcher encountered time constraint as the researcher had to carry out this research along side other academic activities such as attending lectures and other educational activities required of her.
Finance: The researcher incurred more financial expenses in carrying out this study such as typesetting, printing, sourcing for relevant materials, literature, or information and in the data collection process.
Availability of Materials: The researcher encountered challenges in sourcing for literature in this study. The scarcity of literature on the subject due to the nature of the discourse was a limitation to this study.
1.9 Definition of terms
Prevalence: The proportion of individuals in a population with a specific condition or disease at a particular point in time.
Antimicrobial resistance: The ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of antimicrobial drugs, making infections harder to treat.
Primary Health Care (PHC) centers: Facilities that provide basic healthcare services to communities, usually at the first point of contact with the healthcare system.
Salmonella Typhi: Bacterial species responsible for causing typhoid fever, a systemic illness characterized by fever, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
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